Regulation
Peptides released by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus into the portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary are the major controllers of GH secretion by the somatotropes. However, although the balance of these stimulating and inhibiting peptides determines GH release, this balance is affected by many physiological stimulators and inhibitors of GH secretion. [1]
Stimulators of GH secretion include:
* growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the arcuate nucleus
* ghrelin
* sleep
* exercise
* low levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
* dietary protein
* estradiol
* arginine[2]
Inhibitors of GH secretion include:
* somatostatin from the periventricular nucleus
* circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-1 (negative feedback)
* dietary carbohydrate
* glucocorticoids
In addition to control by endogenous processes, a number of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) are now known to influence GH secretion and function [3], highlighting the fact that the GH-IGF axis is an emerging target for certain endocrine disrupting chemicals ( see endocrine disruptor).
Uses that are controversial include
* GH treatment for remission of Multiple sclerosis
* GH treatment to reverse effects of ageing in older adults (see below)
* GH treatment to enhance weight loss in obesity
* GH treatment for fibromyalgia
* GH treatment for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
* GH treatment for idiopathic short stature DO NOT WANT
* GH treatment for bodybuilding or athletic enhancement
* The use of bovine somatotropin to increase milk production in cattle
Growth hormone - Wikipedia
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